Modern living is associated with an epidemic of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Many studies have shown that pre- and postnatal environmental factors exert major influences on the disease risk. Sleep disturbances are strong independent risk factors for incident diabetes with a magnitude of effect comparable to a family history of diabetes.
Studies suggest differences in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) prevalence among different ethnic groups, with Caucasians generally having the lowest risk. Furthermore, studies from high income countries generally report an inverse relationship between GDM risk and socio-economic position.
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